Dosto, Syllogism mein kuch kathan (statements) diye jate hain aur kuch nishkarsh (conclusions) β batana hota hai ki nishkarsh kathanon se nikalta hai ya nahi.
Sabse zaroori baat pehle hi samajh lo: kathan sach hain ya jhooth, isse koi matlab nahi! "Sab billiyan kutte hain" duniya mein galat hai, par sawal mein use sach maan kar hi chalna hai. Sirf tark (logic) dekhna hai.
CET Group D mein isse 1β2 questions aate hain. Tarika bilkul pakka hai β Venn diagram (gol ghere) bana lo, aur jo har haal mein sach dikhe wahi answer. Chalo! πͺ
1. β Char tarah ke kathan aur unke Venn diagram
| Kathan | Matlab | Venn |
|---|---|---|
| All A are B | A ka har sadasya B mein hai | A, B ke andar |
| No A is B | Koi bhi A, B nahi hai | Alag-alag ghere |
| Some A are B | A ka kam se kam ek sadasya B mein hai | Aapas mein katte hue |
| Some A are not B | A ka kam se kam ek sadasya B mein nahi | A ka kuch hissa bahar |
2. β PAKKE NIYAM β ye sidhe nikal aate hain
β‘ Some A are B + All B are C β Some A are C
β’ All A are B + No B is C β No A is C
β£ No A is B + All C are A β No C is B
β€ Ulta karna (conversion): All A are B β Some B are A Β· No A is B β No B is A Β· Some A are B β Some B are A
β‘ Some A are B + Some B are C β Some A are C β
β’ No A is B + No B is C β No A is C β
β£ All A are B β All B are A β (ulta karke "All" nahi banta, sirf "Some")
Do 'Some' wale kathanon se aur do 'No' wale kathanon se β kabhi pakka conclusion nahi banta.
3. Solved Example 1 β sabse common pattern
Venn: billi ka ghera β kutte ke andar β wo dono paltu ke andar
(a) Billi poori paltu ke andar hai β sahi β
(b) Billiyan paltu ke andar hain, matlab kuch paltu to billi hain hi β sahi β
Answer: dono nishkarsh sahi hain.
4. Solved Example 2 β jahan log fasste hain
Soch: "Kuch kitaab kagaz hain" β ho sakta hai wo kuch kitaab pen wale hisse se bilkul alag hon!
Venn banao: pen ka ghera kitaab ke andar, aur kagaz kitaab ke doosre kone ko kaat raha ho β tab koi pen kagaz nahi hoga.
Answer: Nishkarsh nahi nikalta β (ye is chapter ka sabse bada trap hai!)
5. Solved Example 3 β negative wala
Venn: kitaab poori pen ke andar; pen ka ghera pencil se bilkul alag β to kitaab bhi pencil se alag hi rahegi
Answer: Sahi β (All + No = No wala pakka niyam)
6. "EitherβOr" wala case (thoda advance)
Pehchan: dono nishkarsh ek hi jodi (A aur B) par hon aur ek positive ho doosra negative.
Kathan ko SACH maan ke chalo
"Sab billiyan kutte hain" galat lagta hai β par sawal mein use sach maan ke hi tark lagana hai. Apni jaankari yahan dushman hai!
2-3 gol ghere = answer
Dimaag mein sochne se confusion hoti hai. 10 second mein tasveer banao β nishkarsh saamne dikh jayega.
Ek tasveer kaafi nahi
Nishkarsh tabhi sahi hai jab wo har possible tasveer mein sach ho. Ek aisi tasveer bana lo jisme wo galat ho β mil gayi to answer "does not follow".
Do 'Some' β koi conclusion nahi
Aise hi do negative (No + No) se bhi kuch nahi nikalta. Ye do line kai sawal 5 second mein khatam kar deti hain.
All β Some Β· No β No Β· Some β Some
"All A are B" ka ulta Some B are A hai. Bahut se sawalon mein bas yahi poocha jata hai.
| Kathan jodi | Nikalta hai? |
|---|---|
| All + All | All β (aur Some ulta bhi β) |
| Some + All | Some β |
| All + No | No β |
| No + All (ulta kram) | No β |
| All + Some | Kuch nahi β |
| Some + Some | Kuch nahi β |
| No + No | Kuch nahi β |
| All A are B ka ulta | Some B are A |
| No A is B ka ulta | No B is A |
| Some A are B ka ulta | Some B are A |
| Nishkarsh "follows" kab | Har tasveer mein sach ho |
| Sabse badi galti | Apni jaankari lagana |
Q1. Statements: All cats are dogs. All dogs are pets. Conclusion: All cats are pets.
Q2. Statements: All cats are dogs. All dogs are pets. Conclusion: Some pets are cats.
Q3. Statements: All pens are books. Some books are papers. Conclusion: Some pens are papers.
Q4. Statements: Some pens are books. All books are papers. Conclusion: Some pens are papers.
Q5. Statements: No man is a woman. All boys are men. Conclusion: No boy is a woman.
Q6. Statement: All roses are flowers. Which conclusion follows?
Q7. Statement: All roses are flowers. Conclusion: All flowers are roses.
Q8. Statement: No cat is a dog. Conclusion: No dog is a cat.
Q9. Statement: Some students are girls. Conclusion: Some girls are students.
Q10. Statements: Some students are girls. Some girls are dancers. Conclusion: Some students are dancers.
Q11. Statements: No cat is a dog. No dog is a cow. Conclusion: No cat is a cow.
Q12. Statements: All books are pens. No pen is a pencil. Conclusion: No book is a pencil.
Q13. In syllogism, a conclusion "follows" only when it is true:
Q14. Which combination of statements can NEVER give a definite conclusion?
Syllogism mein apni jaankari bhool jao β kathan ko sach maan ke sirf tark lagao, aur Venn ghere bana lo. Pakke niyam: All + All = All (aur ulta Some β), Some + All = Some, All + No = No. Jo kabhi nahi nikalte: All + Some, Some + Some, aur No + No. Ulta karne ka niyam yaad rakho β "All A are B" se sirf Some B are A banta hai, "All B are A" nahi. Aur sabse zaroori kasauti: nishkarsh tabhi "follows" jab wo har possible tasveer mein sach ho β isliye hamesha sochΠΎ "kya koi aisi tasveer ban sakti hai jisme ye galat ho?" π